Vibrio vulnificus → fails to multiply in → shellstock oysters
temperature: 13 degrees C and below
“At 13 degrees C and below, V. vulnificus failed to multiply in the oysters.”
Vibrio vulnificus → multiplies in → shellstock oysters
temperature: 18 degrees C for 30 h and under ambient conditions for 12 and 30 h
“In oysters held at 18 degrees C for 30 h and under ambient conditions for 12 and 30 h, V. vulnificus numbers were statistically greater (P < 0.05) than those in oysters at harvest.”
Vibrio vulnificus → is detected in → estuary water and oysters
time_period: early July through September
“V. vulnificus was first detected in the estuary in early July and remained present through September. V. vulnificus was isolated routinely during this period from oysters and water of the Squamscott, Piscataqua, and Oyster Rivers but was only isolated twice from the oysters or water of the Great Bay itself.”
Vibrio vulnificus → survived → in shellstock and shucked oysters
duration: 7 days,14 days,6 daystemperature: 10 degrees C and below,2 degrees C,4 degrees C
“When two species of shellstock oysters were artificially contaminated with Vibrio vulnificus, the bacterium survived when the oysters were stored at 10 degrees C and below. Large numbers of endogenous V. vulnificus cells were found after 7 days at both 0.5 and 10 degrees C in uninoculated control oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Oysters allowed to take up V. vulnificus from seawater retained the bacterium for 14 days at 2 degrees C. V. vulnificus injected into shucked Pacific (Crassostrea gigas) and Eastern (C. virginica) oysters survived at 4 degrees C for at least 6 days.”
gastroenteritis cases → were associated with → raw oyster consumption
percentage: 68%
“Some 68% of gastroenteritis cases and 83% of the primary septicemias were associated with raw oyster consumption.”
primary septicemias → were associated with → raw oyster consumption
percentage: 83%
“Some 68% of gastroenteritis cases and 83% of the primary septicemias were associated with raw oyster consumption.”
Vibrio parahaemolyticus → isolated from → water and oysters
location: Great Bay and Little Bay estuarine areas of New Hampshire
“Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated from water and oysters collected from seven different sampling stations in the Great Bay and Little Bay estuarine areas of New Hampshire.”
raw oyster consumption → increases risk of → Vibrio illness
conditions: liver disease,prior gastric surgery,diabetespopulation: Florida adult residentstime_period: 1981-1988
“The estimated age-standardized annual incidence of Vibrio illness per million was 95.4 for raw oyster eaters with liver disease, 9.2 for raw oyster eaters without liver disease, and 2.2 for non-raw oyster eaters.”
Salmonella spp. → isolated from → oysters
time: summer of 2002 and winter of 2002-2003location: 36 U.S. bays (12 each from the West, East, and Gulf coasts)prevalence: 7.4% of all oysters tested
“Salmonella was isolated from oysters from each coast of the United States, and 7.4% of all oysters tested contained Salmonella.”
oysters → reduces → Vibrio vulnificus infection risk
temperature: ice
“The data reported here suggest that oysters kept on ice are not likely to be a major factor in the epidemiology of V. vulnificus infection.”