wheat flour → can have → microbial contamination
mold count: log10 3.06 cfu/g (SRW)yeast count: log10 2.27 cfu/g (SPG)E. coli positive: 12.8%Salmonella positive: 1.3%aerobic plate count: log10 4.24 cfu/g (DUR)
“SRW had the highest mold count (log10 3.06 cfu/g) and DUR the lowest (log10 2.85 cfu/g). SPG had the highest yeast count (log10 2.27 cfu/g) and SRW the lowest (log10 2.07 cfu/g). Highest APCs were found in DUR (log10 4.24 cfu/g), whereas the lowest were in SRW (log10 3.83 cfu/g). Of the samples tested, 12.8% were E. coli positive and 1.3% were Salmonella positive”
wheat flour → has → confidence limits
mold: 5,700 cfu/gcoliforms: 150 MPN/gaerobic plate count: 110,000 cfu/g
“From the data, 95% confidence limits of 5,700 cfu/g for mold, 110,000 cfu/g for APC, and 150 MPN/g for coliforms were determined for all wheat flours”
tapioca flour → should not exceed → 10.1% moisture
“For the microbiological stability, the moisture of tapioca flour should not exceed 10.1%.”
other nuts, gram flour, spices → produced → higher counts of TVCs, coliforms, yeast, and mould
“Generally, rice, wheat and peanuts produced low counts whereas other nuts, gram flour and spices produced much higher counts.”
spices, nuts, gram flour → commonly contained → Cl. perfringens, Staph. aureus, and Bacillus spp.
“Cl. perfringens, Staph. aureus, and Bacillus spp. were common in spices, nuts and gram flour”
yam-derived foodstuffs (chips, flakes, flour) → showed → high levels of bacterial and fungal contamination
“many samples showed high levels of bacterial and fungal contamination, together with heavy metal concentrations above the recommended safety levels.”
yam-derived foodstuffs (chips, flakes, flour) → showed → heavy metal concentrations above the recommended safety levels
metals: Pb,Ni,Cd,Hg
“many samples showed high levels of bacterial and fungal contamination, together with heavy metal concentrations above the recommended safety levels.”
yam-derived foodstuffs (chips, flakes, flour) → showed → higher contamination levels
source: market samples
“it was noticed, however, that samples purchased from the markets showed higher contamination levels than those freshly produced, especially regarding bacterial and aflatoxins presence.”
yam-derived foodstuffs (chips, flakes, flour) → showed → chemical contamination
stages: storage,handling at the point of sale
“Nonetheless, post-processing steps such as storage and handling at the point of sale also contributed for chemical contamination, such as aflatoxin and heavy metals.”
milk → adulterated with → urea, starch, flour, cane sugar, vegetable oils, detergents
“They also adulterate milk to increase their profit margin by several chemicals like urea, starch, flour, cane sugar, vegetable oils, detergents etc.”