Description

Food made of flour and water

Technical

Bread is a baked food product made from water, flour, and often yeast. It is a staple food across the world, particularly in Europe and the Middle East. Throughout recorded history and around the world, it has been an important part of many cultures' diets. It is one of the oldest human-made foods, having been of significance since the dawn of agriculture, and plays an essential role in both religious rituals and secular culture.

Sensory Profile

Aroma ()

toastynuttycaramelizedmaltyyeasty

Wine Analogy

Like a well-aged Chardonnay with its buttery and brioche notes

Coffee Analogy

Similar to the caramel and nut aromas in medium roast coffee

Perfume Analogy

Reminiscent of warm gourmand fragrances with vanilla and baked bread accords

Culinary Applications

BaguetteFranceCrust development through steam injection baking
NaanIndiaQuick cooking in tandoor for characteristic char spots
SourdoughAncient EgyptNatural fermentation creates complex flavor profile

Dietary

VeganVegetarianHalalKosherwheatgluten

Research Evidence

Safety thresholds

essential oils reduced yeasts and molds in sliced bread

time: 15 days

Both essential oils lessened the counts of yeasts and molds in sliced bread during 15 days

bread contains faecal coliforms

concentration: 3.5 per g

3.5 in bread

Sourdough wheat bread (SDB) reaches mold growth when the population of yeasts/molds reaches approximately 4 log cfu/g

Mold growth was apparent when the population of yeasts/molds reached approximately 4 log cfu/g

Peer-Reviewed Optimal Ranges

Duration
7min
410

Based on 2 papers

Levels
2
23

Based on 2 papers

Percentage
12.5
0.954

Based on 2 papers

What science says

technique parameter

Description du procede de fabrication du pain: melange, fermentation, panification.

breadmaking process involves mixing, fermentation, and baking

Rheology of the breadmaking process1990
technique parameter

Low-fat shortbread cookies were prepared using combinations of carbohydrate-based fat substitutes (Litesse, N-Flate, Rice * Trin, Stellar, or Trim-choice) and emulsifiers (diacetyl-tartaric esters of monoglycerides [DATEM], glycerol monostearate [GMS], or sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate [SSL]).

low-fat shortbread cookies prepared using combinations of carbohydrate-based fat substitutes and emulsifiers

Use of carbohydrate-based fat substitutes and emulsifying agents in reduced-fat shortbr...1995
technique parameter

The principal effects of fat substitutes on shortbread cookie attributes were higher moisture content, greater toughness, and lower specific volume.

fat substitutes affect shortbread cookie attributes

Use of carbohydrate-based fat substitutes and emulsifying agents in reduced-fat shortbr...1995
technique parameter

Low-fat shortbread cookies were prepared using combinations of carbohydrate-based fat substitutes (Litesse, N-Flate, Rice * Trin, Stellar, or Trim-choice) and emulsifiers (diacetyl-tartaric esters of monoglycerides [DATEM], glycerol monostearate [GMS], or sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate [SSL]).

low-fat shortbread cookies prepared using combinations of carbohydrate-based fat substitutes and emulsifiers

Use of carbohydrate-based fat substitutes and emulsifying agents in reduced-fat shortbr...1995
technique parameter

The principal effects of fat substitutes on shortbread cookie attributes were higher moisture content, greater toughness, and lower specific volume.

low-fat shortbread cookies showed higher moisture content, greater toughness, and lower specific volume

Use of carbohydrate-based fat substitutes and emulsifying agents in reduced-fat shortbr...1995

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