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The emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) is the largest bird native to Australia and the only extant member of the genus Dromaius. It is the second-largest extant bird in the world by height, after its ratite relative, the ostrich. There are three subspecies of emus in Australia. The e
Cook with Emu
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The emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) is the largest bird native to Australia and the only extant member of the genus Dromaius. It is the second-largest extant bird in the world by height, after its ratite relative, the ostrich. There are three subspecies of emus in Australia. The emu is common over most of mainland Australia, although it avoids heavily populated areas, dense forest, and arid areas. The soft-feathered, brown, flightless birds reach up to 2 metres in height. They have long thin necks and legs. Emus can travel great distances at a fast, economical trot and, if necessary, can sprint at 50Â km/h . Their long legs allow them to take strides of up to 275 centimetres They are opportunistically nomadic and may travel long distances to find food; they feed on a variety of plants and insects, but have been known to go for weeks without food. Emus ingest stones, glass shards and bits of metal to grind food in the digestive system. They drink infrequently, but take in copious fluids when the opportunity arises. Emus will sit in water and are also able to swim. They are curious birds who are known to follow and watch other animals and humans. Emus do not sleep continuously at night but in several short stints sitting down. Emus use their strongly clawed feet as a defence mechanism. Their legs are among the strongest of any animal, allowing them to rip metal wire fences. They are endowed with good eyesight and hearing, which allows them to detect predators in the vicinity. The plumage varies regionally, matching the surrounding environment and improving its camouflage. The feather structure prevents heat from flowing into the skin, permitting Emus to be active during the midday heat. They can tolerate a wide range of temperatures and thermoregulate effectively. Males and females are hard to distinguish visually, but can be differentiated by the types of loud sounds they emit by manipulating an inflatable neck sac. Emus breed in May and June and are not monogamous; fighting among females for a mate is common. Females can mate several times and lay several batches of eggs in one season. The animals put on weight before the breeding season, and the male does most of the incubation, losing significant weight during this time as he does not eat. The eggs hatch after around eight weeks, and the young are nurtured by their fathers. They reach full size after around six months, but can remain with their family until the next breeding season half a year later. Emus can live between 10 and 20 years in the wild and are predated by dingos, eagles and hawks. They can jump and kick to avoid dingos, but against eagles and hawks, they can only run and swerve. The Tasmanian Emu and King Island Emu subspecies that previously inhabited Tasmania and King Island became extinct after the European settlement of Australia in 1788; and the distribution of the mainland subspecies has been influenced by human activities. Once common on the east coast, emus are now uncommon; by contrast, the development of agriculture and the provision of water for stock in the interior of the continent have increased the range of the emu in arid regions, and it is of Least Concern for conservation. They were a food and fuel source for indigenous Australians and early European settlers. Emus are farmed for their meat, oil, and leather. Emu is a lean meat and while it is often claimed by marketers that the oil has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects, this has not been scientifically verified in humans. The emu is an important cultural icon of Australia. It appears on the coat of arms, various coins, features prominently in Indigenous Australian mythology, and hundreds of places are named after the bird.
“This syndrome, seen frequently with earlier fat emulsions, has not been reported previously as a complication of the 10% soybean oil emulsion.”
fat emulsions containing 50% MCT→ are safe →for use in parenteral nutrition
“Fat emulsions containing 50% MCT are safe for use in parenteral nutrition”
nanoemulsion containing clove essential oil→ is →safe and nontoxic
“Histopathology of nanoemulsion treated rats showed no signs of inflammatory cells. These results suggested that nanoemulsion of CO was safe and nontoxic.”
structured triglyceride fat emulsion 73403→ demonstrated no difference in safety and tolerance →compared with Intralipid 20%
“The structured triglyceride emulsion (73403) demonstrated no difference in safety and tolerance compared with Intralipid 20%”
oral nanoemulsions→ have risks →changing the biological fate of biologically active ingredients in the gastrointestinal tract and potential toxicity of certain ingredients used in their production
“On the other hand, oral nanoemulsions also have certain risks, such as their ability to change the biological fate of biologically active ingredients in the gastrointestinal tract and the potential toxicity of certain ingredients used in their production.”
Salmonella enteritidis oil-emulsion bacterins→ reduced →fecal shedding of Salmonella enteritidis
challenge_dose: 10^8 cells of a nalidixic-acid-resistant S. enteritidis straintime_post_challenge: 1 weekvaccination_schedule: twice, 4 weeks apart
“Both vaccines significantly reduced the incidence of intestinal colonization (P < 0.05) and the mean number of S. enteritidis cells shed in the feces (P < 0.01) at 1 week post-challenge.”
Salmonella enterica→ isolated from →poultry (chicken, emu, duck)
“Salmonellae were isolated and detected by standard protocol of ISO 6579 Amendment 1: Annex D.”
nano-emulsion of cinnamon bark oil→ inhibits →microorganisms
microorganisms: E. coli, S. aureus, S. cerevisiaeinhibition time: 60 min for S. aureus, 120 min for E. coli and S. cerevisiae
“The CBON were found to be more efficient in inhibiting and inactivating microorganisms than the crude CBO. The sensitivity of microorganism towards CBON depend on the type of microorganism with S. cerevisiae being the most sensitive followed by E. coli and S. aureus. S. aureus were inhibited with a complete 6 log reduction within 60 min of incubation with CBON. Whereas in the case of E. coli, and S. aureus a reduction of 6 log CFU and 5 log CFU respectively were reported after 120 min of exposure.”
LO concentration: 3.0 g/100 ginhibition log CFU/g: 3.2 and 2.6
“The coating on the berries with 3.0 g/100 g LO initially inhibited Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated on the berries by more than 3.2 and 2.6 log CFU/g, respectively.”
Peer-Reviewed Optimal Ranges
Temperature
70°C
490
Based on 9 papers
pH
6.4pH
29
Based on 8 papers
Duration
3min
120
Based on 7 papers
Ionic Strength
0.1
010
Based on 3 papers
Concentration
150.5%
1300
Based on 2 papers
Concentration Range
0.4
0.33
Based on 2 papers
Droplet Size
250
180200
Based on 2 papers
Increased
16.1
302.2
Based on 2 papers
Oil Concentration
22.5
405
Based on 2 papers
Storage Duration
22
1628
Based on 2 papers
What science says
technique parameter
“The effect of pH and protein concentration on functional properties was determined.”
“Moreover, they are highly capable of improving the wettability and/or solubility of poorly water-soluble compounds, which may result in better pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of nutraceutical compounds.”
nanoemulsions→improve→wettability and solubility of poorly water-soluble compounds
“A procedure was developed to manufacture up to 500 ml of 200 mM preconcentrated emulsions of monocaprin in tap water. The concentrates were clear and remained stable for at least 12 months”
200 mM preconcentrated emulsions of monocaprin in tap water→remain stable→for at least 12 months
