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The chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a domesticated fowl, a subspecies of the Red Junglefowl. As one of the most common and widespread domestic animals, with a population of more than 24 billion in 2003, there are more chickens in the world than any other species of bird. Hu
Cook with Chicken
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The chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a domesticated fowl, a subspecies of the Red Junglefowl. As one of the most common and widespread domestic animals, with a population of more than 24 billion in 2003, there are more chickens in the world than any other species of bird. Humans keep chickens primarily as a source of food, consuming both their meat and their eggs.
Highlighted compounds are flavor-active · click to view molecular profile
Domestic pig
20 shared
Based on shared molecular compounds · click to explore
Safety thresholds
raw or rare chicken→ increases risk of →Campylobacter jejuni/coli enteritis
relative risk: 7.6confidence interval: 2.1-27.6
“The consumption of raw or rare chicken was even more strongly associated (RR = 7.6, 95% CI = 2.1-27.6)”
Campylobacter spp.→ colonizes →chicken ceca
farm: 9 out of 10 farmscolonization_levels: 10(4.11) to 10(7.28) cfu Campylobacter spp./g cecal matter
“Ceca from birds in 9 of the 10 farms sampled were positive for Campylobacter spp. Colonization levels ranged from 10(4.11) to 10(7.28) cfu Campylobacter spp./g cecal matter, except on one farm, where the organism was not isolated.”
Campylobacter jejuni→ have identical biotypes →chicken and human isolates
incidence: 82% of chicken and 98% of human isolates
“Eighty-two percent of chicken and 98% of human isolates from the area were of identical biotypes.”
glycopeptide-resistant E. faecium (VanA type)→ not isolated from →meat samples of chickens fed without avoparcin
“No glycopeptide-resistant enterococci could be isolated from meat samples of chickens that were fed without avoparcin.”
chicken→ increases risk of →Campylobacter jejuni/coli enteritis
relative risk: 2.4confidence interval: 1.6-3.6
“Consumption of chicken and cornish game hen were both associated with more than a doubling of the risk of CJC enteritis: for chicken (relative risk = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.6-3.6)”
Salmonella→ had the highest prevalence →free-range and poussin chickens
“Free-range and poussin chickens had the highest prevalence of Salmonella.”
raw retail chickens→ contamination levels →salmonella and campylobacter
salmonella: 11%campylobacter: 57%confidence_interval_salmonella: 95% CI +/- 6.5%confidence_interval_campylobacter: 95% CI +/- 95%
“The levels of contamination over the 6-year period were 11 % (95 % CI +/- 6.5%) for salmonella, and 57% (95% CI +/- 95%) for campylobacter.”
chicken meat→ increases risk of →Campylobacter jejuni infection
“Significantly more index patients than controls had eaten chicken meat (47 v. 29; P = 0.0002), particularly at barbecues (14 v. 2; P = 0.0015).”
retail chicken breast→ have →higher recovery rates of fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli
label: conventional
“Fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli recovered using selective media were more common (p<0.05) in conventional (18.9%) compared to organic (0) and antibiotic-free (0)”
transport: 16 to 18 hmean_count_farm: 10(5.44) cfu Campylobacter spp./g cecal materialmean_count_transport: 10(6.15) cfu/gcarcass_contamination: 10(7.11) per carcass after transport
“Significant increases (P = .0085) in levels of Campylobacter spp. on the chicken carcasses occurred after transport. Levels of Campylobacter spp. enumerated from unprocessed chicken carcasses after transport averaged 10(7.11) per carcass, up from an average of 10(3.66) cfu per carcass of the farm.”
What science says
nutrition finding
“Levels of potentially toxic Pb, Al, Cd, and Hg were very low as were levels of V, B, Fe, Zn, P, Mg, N, F, Se, Cu, and Cr.”
chicken eggshell powder (ESP)→contains→low levels of Pb, Al, Cd, and Hg
“Usability of waste chicken feathers as substrate for bacteria was investigated for the first time in the present study. The peptone may be used in industrial fermentations for production of antibiotics, organic acids, enzymes and biopolymer. It may be also used in clinical microbiology. A new chemical process was developed for peptone preparation.”
waste chicken feathers→can be used as→peptone source
“Significant increases (P = .0085) in levels of Campylobacter spp. on the chicken carcasses occurred after transport. Levels of Campylobacter spp. enumerated from unprocessed chicken carcasses after transport averaged 10(7.11) per carcass, up from an average of 10(3.66) cfu per carcass of the farm.”
“Similar treatment of ground carobs gave either very slight but significant (Kratzer and Williams, 1951), or no growth improvement (Bornstein et al., 1963) of chicks”
ground carobs→shows slight but significant growth improvement→chicken growth
