MOF/COF hybrid adsorbents enable rapid and efficient pyrethroid extraction from eggplant via pH-salt-independent DSPE-HPLC for food safety analysis.

Abstract

The increasing presence of pyrethroid pesticides (PYs) in agricultural products necessitates advanced analytical methods for food safety monitoring. This study introduces a novel metal-organic framework-covalent organic framework (MOF-COF) hybrid adsorbent, NH₂-MIL-101(Fe)@TpBD, for the rapid extraction of PYs from eggplants via pH/salt-independent dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The optimized method achieved efficient extraction of four PYs (permethrin, cyfluthrin, esfenvalerate, and bifenthrin) within 4 min, using 20 mg of adsorbent and 1.5 mL of acetonitrile. The method demonstrated excellent linearity (0.12-8.00 mg·kg-1), high sensitivity (LODs: 0.0416-0.0515 mg·kg-1), and robust recoveries (85.5-107.6 %), with enrichment factors of 389-410. Adsorption mechanisms were dominated by chemisorption, facilitated by π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding. The rapidity and efficiency of this method highlight its potential for high-throughput food safety analysis. This work underscores the synergistic integration of MOF/COF hybrids as advanced adsorbents for pesticide monitoring in complex food matrices.