Application of Non-Destructive Detection Techniques in Grain and Oil Quality: A Review

Abstract

Grains and edible oils are fundamental components of global diets, providing essential nutrients for human health. However, increasing human activities have made ensuring their safe distribution from farm to fork more challenging. Contaminants such as pesticides, mycotoxins, heavy metals, and microbial pathogens, along with risks of adulteration, can disrupt the molecular integrity of these food products. Traditional methods for quality and safety monitoring are often cost-inefficient, time-consuming, and, importantly, destructive. These limitations reduce their suitability for application in modern, rapid, and large-scale food systems. Non-destructive detection techniques have emerged as transformative tools, enabling rapid, reliable, and non-invasive quality evaluations. These techniques