Development of eggshell powder as an alternative source of Ca and Fe for human health: A compositional and comparative study

Abstract

• Eggshell powder (ESP) contains more than 90% ash, which is enriched with Ca and contains a small amount of Mg, Fe, and Zn. • ESP comprises 6 to 7% protein, where all essential amino acids are present, particularly in domestic chicken ESP. • All species ESP particle size is 3 to 5 μm, which is suitable for consumers to add to various foods. • 1 g of ESP may fulfill half of the daily demand of Ca of an adult and is equivalent to one multimineral tablet supplement. Eggs are the most common animal food consumed by people, but most of the eggshells are thrown away as waste material. This study aimed to explore the nutrient profile of three different species (domestic chicken, duck, poultry) of eggshell powder (ESP), calculate the percentage contribution to the daily value (DV), and compare wi