Global antibiotic consumption and usage in humans, 2000–18: a spatial modelling study
Annie J. Browne, Michael G. Chipeta, Georgina Haines–Woodhouse, Emmanuelle A. P. Kumaran, Bahar H. Kashef Hamadani, Sabra Zaraa +4 more
The Lancet Planetary Health
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious threat to global public health. WHO emphasises the need for countries to monitor antibiotic consumption to combat AMR. Many low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) lack surveillance capacity; we aimed to use multiple data sources and statistical models to estimate global antibiotic consumption. METHODS: In this spatial modelling study, we used individual-level data from household surveys to inform a Bayesian geostatistical model of antibiotic usage in children (aged <5 years) with lower respiratory tract infections in LMICs. Antibiotic consumption data were obtained from multiple sources, including IQVIA, WHO, and the European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption Network (ESAC-Net). The estimates of the antibiotic usage mo