A review of the application of modeling and simulation to drying systems for improved grain and seed quality

Abstract

Improper grain drying can compromise grain quality, posing a threat to global food security, given grains’ significant contribution to food supplies. However, grain drying practices vary widely due to differences in grain characteristics, drying techniques, and environmental conditions. To address this complexity, modeling and simulation offer a promising approach for understanding and optimizing the drying process. This study explores the application of modeling and simulation to enhance grain and seed quality. Results indicate that these techniques have been utilized to (i) optimize drying procedures, (ii) simulate air and particle flow, (iii) implement process controls, and (iv) assess drying behavior across various grain drying systems. Attributes such as color, protein solubility, stress cracking, shrinkage, and grain viability have been investigated using modeling and simulation methods. The limited variety of grain types evaluated by modeling and simulation techniques is cause for reservations in providing comprehensive recommendations. Additionally, most studies evaluate grain drying systems as continuum systems without observing changes in grain quality at an individual grain kernel level. Despite these constraints, integrating modeling and simulation into drying equipment design and process evaluation shows promise for enhancing drying efficiency and mitigating economic losses associated with suboptimal drying practices.