Selenium nanoparticles induce growth and physiological tolerance of wastewater‑stressed carrot plants

Abstract

Abstract Climate changes have a direct impact on agricultural lands through their impact on the rate of water levels in the oceans and seas, which leads to a decrease in the amount of water used in agriculture, and therefore the use of alternative sources of irrigation such as wastewater and overcoming its harmful effect on plants was one of the solutions to face this problem. In the present study, the impacts of the synthesized selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) alone or in combination with glycine betaine and proline treatments on the growth, physiological, and yield attributes of wastewater irrigated carrot plants are investigated. Furthermore, to evaluate heavy metals uptake and accumulation in edible plant parts. The usage of wastewater to carrot plants significantly increased free proline contents, total phenols, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, Malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) throughout the two growth stages. While total soluble carbohydrate and soluble protein content in carrot shoots and roots were significantly reduced. Moreover, the concentrations of nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and cobalt (Co) in carrot plants were considerably higher than the recommended limits set by international organizations. Application of selenium nanoparticles alone or in combination with glycine betaine and proline reduced the contents of Ni, Cd, Pb, and Co; free proline; total phenols; superoxide dismutase; catalase; peroxidase; polyphenol oxidase; Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) in carrot plants. However, morphological aspects, photosynthetic pigments, soluble carbohydrates, soluble protein, total phenol, and β-Carotene were enhanced in response to Se NPs application. As an outcome, this research revealed that Se NPs combined with glycine betaine and proline can be used as a strategy to minimize heavy metal stress caused by wastewater irrigation in carrot plants, consequently enhancing crop productivity and growth.