Forastero and Criollo cocoa beans, differences on the profile of volatile and non-volatile compounds in the process from fermentation to liquor

Abstract

Cocoa bean fermentation is an important process because during this process, aroma compounds are produced, the astringency decreases, and the embryo dies. The fermentation processes of the <i>Criollo</i> and <i>Forastero</i> types have been studied separately without comparing them at the same time and in the same place. The aim of this work was to determine differences in the profile of volatile and nonvolatile compounds of <i>Criollo</i> and <i>Forastero</i> cocoa from the fermentation process to the final stage of obtaining the liquor. The experiments were carried out at the same time in the Maya region. Volatile compounds were determined by HS-SPME GC-MS (headspace solid phase-microextraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). Sugars, organic acids, and alkaloids were determined by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-PDA/UV). <i>Criollo</i> cocoa liquor was defined by the volatile and nonvolatile compounds such as acetic acid, phenylethyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, 2-phenylethyl acetate, acetophenone and 3-methylbutanal., which are associated with sour, honey, almond, flowery and chocolate aroma. <i>Forastero</i> cocoa liquor was represented with a significant difference by acetic acid, isobutyl acetate, 2,3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine and ethyl octanoate and these could provide aroma descriptors such as sour, fruity and nutty. This study characterized for the first time the dynamics of volatile compounds during the fermentation, drying, and roasting stages and in the final cocoa liquor of <i>Criollo</i> and <i>Forastero</i> from cocoa beans of the same origin.