Dihomo-γ-Linolenic Acid (20:3n-6)—Metabolism, Derivatives, and Potential Significance in Chronic Inflammation

Abstract

Dihomo-<i>γ</i>-linolenic acid (DGLA) has emerged as a significant molecule differentiating healthy and inflamed tissues. Its position at a pivotal point of metabolic pathways leading to anti-inflammatory derivatives or via arachidonic acid (ARA) to pro-inflammatory lipid mediators makes this n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) an intriguing research subject. The balance of ARA to DGLA is probably a critical factor affecting inflammatory processes in the body. The aim of this narrative review was to examine the potential roles of DGLA and related n-6 PUFAs in inflammatory conditions, such as obesity-associated disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, atopic dermatitis, asthma, cancers, and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. DGLA can be produced by cultured fungi or be obtained via endogenous conversion from <i>γ</i>-linolenic acid (GLA)-rich vegetable oils. Several disease states are characterized by abnormally low DGLA levels in the body, while others can feature elevated levels. A defect in the activity of ∆6-desaturase and/or ∆5-desaturase may be one factor in the initiation and progression of these conditions. The potential of GLA and DGLA administrations as curative or ameliorating therapies in inflammatory conditions and malignancies appears modest at best. Manipulations with ∆6- and ∆5-desaturase inhibitors or combinations of long-chain PUFA supplements with n-3 PUFAs could provide a way to modify the body's DGLA and ARA production and the concentrations of their pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. However, clinical data remain scarce and further well-designed studies should be actively promoted.