Understanding the Mechanism of Antimicrobial Resistance and Pathogenesis of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi

Abstract

<i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Typhi (<i>S. Typhi</i>) is a Gram-negative pathogen that causes typhoid fever in humans. Though many serotypes of <i>Salmonella</i> spp. are capable of causing disease in both humans and animals alike, <i>S. Typhi</i> and <i>S. Paratyphi</i> are common in human hosts only. The global burden of typhoid fever is attributable to more than 27 million cases each year and approximately 200,000 deaths worldwide, with many regions such as Africa, South and Southeast Asia being the most affected in the world. The pathogen is able to cause disease in hosts by evading defense systems, adhesion to epithelial cells, and survival in host cells in the presence of several virulence factors, mediated by virulence plasmids and genes clustered in distinct regions known as <i>Salmonella</i> pathogenicity islands (SPIs). These factors, coupled with plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance genes, enable the bacterium to become resistant to various broad-spectrum antibiotics used in the treatment of typhoid fever and other infections caused by <i>Salmonella</i> spp. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains in many countries of the world has raised great concern over the rise of antibiotic resistance in pathogens such as <i>S. Typhi</i>. In order to identify the key virulence factors involved in <i>S. Typhi</i> pathogenesis and infection, this review delves into various mechanisms of virulence, pathogenicity, and antimicrobial resistance to reinforce efficacious disease management.