Anthocyanins Are Converted into Anthocyanidins and Phenolic Acids and Effectively Absorbed in the Jejunum and Ileum
Hao Han, Caifen Liu, Wenchuan Gao, Zhongye Li, Gongwei Qin, Shanshan Qi +6 more
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
Abstract
Anthocyanins have been known for their health benefits. However, the <i>in vivo</i> digestion and absorption of anthocyanins through the gastrointestinal tract have not been fully clarified, creating challenges for understanding why anthocyanins have high biological activities and purported low bioavailability <i>in vivo</i>. Twenty-seven male rats were intubated with a 500 mg/kg dose of cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G). Samples from rats' stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, and serum were collected at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, and 24 h after intubation. Three rats without C3G were used as the control with samples collected at 0 h. C3G and its metabolites in each sample were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-PDA-electrospray ionization-MS/MS. These <i>in vivo</i> studies' results unequivocally demonstrated that cyanidin and phenolic acids were the primary C3G metabolites absorbed, mainly in the jejunum and ileum, between 1 and 5 h post-ingestion. We speculate that C3G uses phloroglucinaldehyde and protocatechuic acid metabolic pathways in its metabolism <i>in vivo</i>.
Extracted Claims
3 claims extracted from this paper into the knowledge graph
C3G uses phloroglucinaldehyde and protocatechuic acid metabolic pathways
“We speculate that C3G uses phloroglucinaldehyde and protocatechuic acid metabolic pathways in its metabolism in vivo.”
Anthocyanins are converted into anthocyanidins and phenolic acids
“Anthocyanins have been known for their health benefits. However, the in vivo digestion and absorption of anthocyanins through the gastrointestinal tract have not been fully clarified, creating challen...”
Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) is absorbed mainly in the jejunum and ileum
“These in vivo studies' results unequivocally demonstrated that cyanidin and phenolic acids were the primary C3G metabolites absorbed, mainly in the jejunum and ileum, between 1 and 5 h post-ingestion.”