Enterococcus isolates → contain → several virulence factors
“The study demonstrated the contradictory characteristics of the tested Enterococcus isolates: they presented a good potential for application in food biopreservation but contained several virulence factors.”
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) → have → no pathogenic, or virulence properties
“LAB are GRAS (general recognized as safe) with no pathogenic, or virulence properties have been reported.”
shellfish → were → significantly more contaminated with virulence genes
location: Gulf of Thailandcomparison: Andaman Sea
“The shellfish harvested from the Gulf of Thailand were significantly more contaminated with virulence genes than those from the Andaman Sea.”
cytomegalovirus → inactivated by → pasteurisation
time: eight minutestemperature: 63 degrees C
“after pasteurisation at 63 degrees C for eight minutes the milk did not contain any viable virus.”
cytomegalovirus → reduced by → 99%
time: over three daystemperature: -20 degrees C
“Storage at -20 degrees C for over three days reduced the titre by over 99%;”
staphylococcal isolates → contain → low number of virulence determinants
source: milk and feces of breast-fed infants
“Globally, the staphyloccal isolates obtained from milk and feces of breast-fed infants contain a low number of virulence determinants and are sensitive to most of the antibiotics tested.”
Escherichia coli O26, O103, O111, O128, and O145 with STEC-related virulence genes → are resistant to → sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, or streptomycin
“Of 195 isolates with STEC-related virulence genes, approximately 40% were resistant to sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, or streptomycin”
60 Co irradiation → reduces → virus carriage numbers in shellfish
dose: 2 kGyvirus: hepatitis A virusmethod: in situ hybridization fluorescent foci and cytopathology enumeration methods
“A D10 value of 2 kGy was determined for depletion of hepatitis A virus in clams and oysters as measured by in situ hybridization fluorescent foci and cytopathology enumeration methods.”
60 Co irradiation → reduces → virus carriage numbers in shellfish
dose: 2.4 kGyvirus: rotavirus SA11method: plaque forming unit enumeration method
“A D10 value of 2.4 kGy was determined for depletion of rotavirus SA11 in clams and oysters as measured by a plaque forming unit enumeration method.”
Viruses (Noroviruses and Rotaviruses) → cause → highest costs
“De virussen brachten de hoogste kosten met zich mee (vooral vanwege ziekteverzuim).”