The Science
Primary Reaction
Acoustic cavitation
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Key Variables
Frequency of ultrasonic waves (typically 20-40 kHz)Intensity of ultrasonic waves (typically 10-100 W/cm²)Temperature of the mixture (typically 20-50°C)Pressure of the mixture (typically 1-5 atm)Time of sonication (typically 1-30 minutes)
Common Mistakes
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Insufficient emulsification
Cause: Inadequate ultrasonic energy or incorrect frequency
Fix: Adjust ultrasonic frequency or intensity, or increase sonication time