What You Need to Know
During fermentation, lactic acid bacteria metabolize fish glycogen and proteins, producing lactic acid, acetic acid, and trace ethanol. The resulting acidification drops the pH from ~6.5 to ~4.2, which suppresses pathogenic and spoilage microbes while preserving the fish for months. Salt concentration of 12–15 % reduces water activity below 0.85, further limiting microbial growth.
The Science
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lactic acid fermentation by lactic acid bacteria