What You Need to Know
The process achieves freezing rates of 10⁴–10⁵ K s⁻¹, which limits ice‑crystal growth and prevents osmotic shock. Rapid nucleation leads to amorphous ice formation, preserving protein conformation and cellular integrity. The extreme temperatures also suppress enzymatic activity and microbial growth, extending shelf life.
The Science
Primary Reaction
Rapid nucleation and vitrification of intracellular water