What You Need to Know
Yeast converts grape sugars into ethanol and CO₂ during the initial 2–3 days of fermentation. Lactic acid bacteria then metabolize residual sugars to produce lactic acid, lowering the pH to 3.5–4.0. The resulting acidic liquid is aged for 1–2 weeks to develop flavor complexity.
The Science
Primary Reaction
Yeast fermentation of grape sugars to ethanol and CO₂, followed by lactic acid bacteria converting residual sugars to lactic acid